A clear and beginner-friendly guide to the IMF’s mission, roles, funding sources, and its relationship with the World Bank.
What is the International Monetary Fund (IMF)? Roles, functions, and history explained
The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is an international organisation set up to ensure the stability of the global monetary and financial system.
The IMF is essential in maintaining global economic stability and contributes significantly to the international community.
This article provides a clear overview of the IMF’s mission, history, and how it differs from the World Bank, and answers some frequently asked questions.
What is the International Monetary Fund?
This section outlines the IMF’s objectives and the context in which it was established.
IMF objectives
The IMF was founded to preserve order and stability in the global monetary and financial system.
Headquartered in Washington, D.C., USA, the IMF currently has 190 member countries.
By coordinating economic policies and providing financial assistance, the organisation supports international monetary stability and promotes global economic growth.
According to Article I of the IMF Articles of Agreement, its five key purposes are:
- To promote international monetary cooperation.
- To facilitate the expansion and balanced growth of international trade.
- To promote exchange rate stability and maintain an orderly exchange system.
- To support the establishment of a multilateral payments system and the elimination of exchange restrictions.
- To provide temporary financial assistance to countries facing balance of payments issues.
The IMF is vital in fostering global economic stability and sustainable development through these objectives.
IMF historical background
The IMF was founded to promote global economic stability and recovery following World War II.
The IMF and the World Bank were established following an agreement at the United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference, which was held in Bretton Woods in July 1944.
The IMF formally began operations in December 1945.
Under the Bretton Woods system of fixed exchange rates, the IMF supported exchange rate stability and helped countries manage their balance of payments.
Today, the IMF’s role as a central institution in the international monetary system is more important than ever.
Main roles and functions of the IMF
The IMF has three primary mandates: promoting international monetary cooperation, encouraging trade and economic growth, and preventing harmful economic policies.
To achieve these goals, the IMF works to stabilise the global financial system through:
Policy advice
The IMF monitors member countries' economic and financial policies and provides policy advice, also known as surveillance.
IMF staff usually visit each member country annually to discuss matters such as exchange rate regimes, fiscal and monetary policies, and structural reforms with government and central bank officials.
The IMF’s Executive Board then prepares and reviews a report, which is shared with the country’s authorities.
This process is called an “Article IV Consultation.” Many countries publish the reports and the Board’s conclusions to ensure transparency.
Financial assistance
The IMF provides financial support to countries experiencing economic crises, enabling them to implement stabilisation and recovery measures.
It also offers precautionary financing to prevent future crises.
Lending programmes are continuously reviewed and adapted to meet members’ needs.
The IMF offers tailored lending programmes, including interest-free loans for low-income countries.
Capacity development
This is a core function of the IMF, involving technical assistance and training for member countries.
The IMF allocates hundreds of millions of dollars annually to support this work.
Assistance is tailored to each country’s specific needs, supporting reforms in areas such as tax administration, public financial management, monetary and exchange rate policy, legal frameworks, and governance.
It also helps countries improve their data collection and publication to support informed decision-making.
Differences between the IMF and the World Bank
Although both global institutions support economic development, the IMF and the World Bank differ in purpose and function.
The World Bank focuses on long-term economic development and poverty reduction in developing countries.
The term “World Bank” is a collective name for a group of five organisations led by the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD).
It raises funds through member contributions and international capital markets to provide loans and technical assistance.
The key differences are summarised below:
| Category | IMF | World Bank |
|---|---|---|
| Year established | 1945 | 1945 |
| Headquarters | Washington, D.C., USA | Washington, D.C., USA |
| Purpose | Global financial system stability | Economic development and poverty reduction |
| Target countries | All member countries facing balance of payments issues | Mainly developing countries |
| Support type | Short-term financing and policy advice | Long-term loans and development assistance |
| Funding sources | Member country quotas | Member contributions and earnings on investments |
Together, the IMF and the World Bank contribute to global economic stability and development through their complementary roles.
FAQs about the IMF
What are the IMF’s funding sources?
The IMF’s funding comes from three sources:
- Quotas
Quotas are financial contributions from member countries and represent the IMF’s core funding.
The size of each country’s quota depends on its economic size and position in the world economy.
- New Arrangements to Borrow (NAB)
These agreements provide the IMF with additional temporary resources when large-scale support is required.
- Bilateral borrowing agreements
These supplementary arrangements between the IMF and individual countries allow quick access to additional funds when needed.
Together, these mechanisms provide the IMF with stable and flexible financial resources.
Summary: What is the IMF? A guide to its roles, functions and origins
The International Monetary Fund (IMF) was established to promote order and stability in the global monetary and financial system.
Under its three core responsibilities—monetary cooperation, promoting trade and growth, and discouraging harmful policies—it offers policy advice, provides financial support, and assists with capacity development.
The IMF is expected to remain a key institution in fostering international financial stability and supporting global economic growth.
